Central heating systems

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Cybrvanr

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There's a neat show on the history channel tonite about the history of heating and cooling systems. Heating and cooling systems are perhaps one of the the most significant inventions that have changed our modern lives. Only recently have we been able to change the climate in the environment we live in.

I've always wondered about the nomenclature of the term "central heating (or cooling)" The term "central" is used to describe heating and cooling systems that evenly distribute the warmth throughout the structure through pipes and ducts.

This is in contrast to previous versions of heating systems, like wood stoves, that only heat a single room. I would think that the term "central" heating system would describe a heating source like a wood stove or a floor furnace much better. The term "distributed heating" more approperiatley describes modern systems with pipes & ductwork that heat and cool all the rooms of a building.

Although not as glamourous as stoves, washers, fridges, etc, HVAC systems are one of the most significant appliances in our homes. Interestingly enough, there is very little in our history books about heating and cooling systems, and people are hardly passionate about them either. Still, I find the boiler rooms of old buildings absloutely fascinating! Especially the ones heated by steam, with their big fire boxes, pipes, and other machinery. On a smaller note, I have fond memories of air conditioners in my past, like the GE zone-lines in my grandmother's home, and the old Sears Coldspot unit (RCA Whirlpool) that my parents were given in the eighties...previously we had no AC in the home until that unit came, and just the sound it made was comforting on a summer's day!
 
An oddity I'd never heard of before until I moved to Vancouver years ago was steam heat being piped into office buildings and business' in a downtown area from a privately run steam generating company. As far as I know it's still there running and heating many buildings in a 4 or 5 block area. On cold days you see steam billowing out of some of the manhole covers along the streets.
 
<blockquote>Interestingly enough, there is very little in our history books about heating and cooling systems, and people are hardly passionate about them either.</blockquote>Ohh, nooo, I'm quite passionate about air conditioning and heating ... in my house, my grandmother's house, businesses where I work, etc.
 
The perfect climate

Glenn and all:

Interesting that heating and cooling is fascinating to me too.
Perhaps we are all frustrated potential mechanical engineers and climate-control engineers!

Deisgning major/large heating and cooling systems would be my ideal career.

IIRC Consoldated Edsion (the NYC metro area utilty) provides steam heat using the waste heat from electrical generation plants (one is affectionately known as "Big Alice").

IMHO district heating is a great way to recover the 2/3 of the energy wasted as heat when producing electricity.

If I had my way we'd be burning garbage also to make electricity, rather than bury the garbage or "bury" at sea. At least if burned, the smoke stacks could be "scrubbed" minimizing pollution. When buried, the toxins get into everything, unmitigated.
 
Central heating

I believe the name central heating comes from the point of view that the combustion is in one place-centalized. this is important in place like NYC in that even small brown-stones (attached townhouses) could have 8 apartmetns with three chimnies each.

It was much safer to have one main boiler in the basement (on a concrete floor) raher then many many many parlor stoves or gas unit heaers.

At least if you drape clothing over a radiator to dry, it can't ignite. Do the same thing or even get too close with a unit heater and there is a potential fire hazard.

Also unit heaters need oxygen, so it was impossible to double-glaze windows or overly seal the living space from the outdirs. Drafts were created when the by-products of combutsion were sucked up the chimney and make-up air seeped in from every crack and orifice.

I beleive the law in NYC requires heat during the day (6am to 10pm) and not at night:

1- To mimic the natural patern of warmer days and cooler nights.
2- The coal-man who had to shovel coal in had to sleep too!

When gas lighting got phased out and unit heaters did as well, aparments got much cleaner and air quality increased tremendously, IMHO.
 
How do you heat a skyscraper?

NYC sky scrapers need an outside source of heat.

Can't put the boiler in the basement, because getting the flue gasses to the top is a problem. Too cool and the caustic acids condense and eat the chimney/fluepipe.

Can't put the boiler on top because getting the fuel oil to the top is a pain, and not good to store so high in case of leaks. Natural gas is too expensive to use for such large loads, and you'd have to agree to interruptible supply to even get permission to use it for such a large load. (this is to ensure there is plenty avaialable during peak demand for small residential users).

Also, early skyscrapers had steam heat which needs to be fed from the bottom. In larger/taller buildngs a two-pipe system is used with a vacuum sucking the condensate return back. It Forces steam up higher and faster. Thermostatic automatic mechanical steam traps are used to ensure live steam is not sucked back into the condensate return side.

 
NYC mandates indoor temps reach a certian level both day and night based upon outdoor temps. Not sure of the exact date of the NYC "heating season", but during that period landlords are required by law to provide heat based upon the above. Failure to do so results in violations and in worse case the city will make repairs to the boiler/provide fuel/etc and bill the landlord and or put a lien on the building.

Con Edison's large steam plant near the UN was sold off, it will be torn down and luxury condo's built in it's place.

Launderess
 
The Omaha Steam Plant

When I was a little kid, it was a special treat to go by the steam plant in downtown omaha. It was built in the 50's or 60's, and had big glass windows on the ground level so that you could see the machinery, which had been painted bright colors. It was quite a sight at night.
 
Laundress:

Yes, regarding NYC required minimum indoor temps:

HeatTimer brand controls asppear to be the local industry-standard when it come to temperature regulation and fuel economy. In this device, there are outdoor temperature sensors and indoor ones as well. The oudoor ones ensure there is heat when at or below 55*F outside.

The heat timer allows adjustment of the burner cycles via a dial with letter "A" through whatever, to ensure that the burner runs long enough to build up a head of steam and ensure it travels to the furthest reaches (radiators) of the buildng.

Funny how lanlords seem to have to buy the computerized verison that records the temp in the building and the burner cycles. This is counter nuisance tenant clams that "there is no heat". Most often landlords tell me these tenants who complain about everything are the ones who say to the judge in housing court, "The landlord don't like me because I'm ___________ "(insert adjective). After a certain number of nuisance clams the tenant gets legally booted if the LL wants to spend the $ to do it.

anyway here is a link to HeaTimer controls

 
Wow. Not ever having lived anywhere but here, where heating season is no big deal, it would have never occurred to me that a city could/would have *laws* regarding indoor temperatures! Details on the system infrastructures of large commercial buildings is fascinating.
 
Glenn is that an invitation to keep you and others posted ? LOL

I really LOVE looking at boiler rooms as part of my job.

BTW my brother-in-law is an electrician by trade and asked ME to tell him how to wire his new heating systen. I was honored.

That is an accomplisment for an accountant / real-estate appraiser, eh? LOL

As I always say, if you have to learn it from a book, you are not passionate enough about the subject.
 
That's very interesting. I noticed though that I would be in violation of that law the way I keep the heat in my home during the coldest part of the winter. My electronic setback thermostat keeps the temp at 60 degrees between 10PM, and 5PM the next day. Between 5PM, and 10 PM, it brings the house up to 68 degrees when I'm home, and on the weekend, it stays at 68 degrees all weekend long.

This law does not appear to be for landlords only, so I imagine it applies to single-family homes too! Well, I don't live in New York, but I wonder what my own zoning laws look like
 
Misc thoughts.....

So, that is what is behind the NYC shots in movies where there is steam coming up from manholes!!!!! Always wondered what that was, and this is all news to me.

Here is an odd cooling story.

About 20 years ago, my sister moved into an apartment that was a very old, although renovated, building.

When she was moving into the kitchen, one of her kitchen cabinets was very odd. It was long like a broom closet or pantry, but it was not very roomy inside. There was something inside at the back that was unidentifiable. She was always curious what the deal was.

In casual conversation, she mentioned it to her landlord. He told her that a long, long time ago, there was some sort of system in the basement that was an ancient refrigeration unit. Each apartment had one of these cabinets, and there were tubes from the main unit that ran up to each cabinet.. They called them a refrigerated cabinet. They were not supposed to be a fridge or a replacement for the icebox. They were a cold cabinet I guess to store certain things to make them last a little longer...I would imagine fruits or maybe some types of leftovers, I am not sure.

Is that wierd, creepy, bizarre, or all three?
 
Heating Laws In NYC

Like much else in NYC the laws grew out of reaction to complaints to local government about some landlords being stingy with heat. Back in the bad old tenement days and probably still, some landlords were famous for taking rent and providing little if any basic services. One could be living in a rat infesting cold water flat, and complain until blue in the face, and get no results, but be late with that rent check and see what happens.

Even today when NYC goes into a "deep freeze" there are landlords who will not provide heating levels provided by law. This is not only shocking but a serious health hazard especially to the very young and old.

Also without heat from the boiler, tenants start using their ovens or space heaters for warmth. These can cause fires or death,which am sure was one of the reasons behind the law forcing landlords to provide heat. Modern gas ovens reliable, but can imagine many people turned their ovens on for warmth and went to bed never to rise again. Then there is the risk of buring down an entire building from a gas explosion or heater fire.

Many people think owning a rental property in NYC is a ticket to easy street, and have no idea regarding costs. When those heating oil bills come in, not to mention the cost of running and maintaining a boiler (NYC has some of the oldest housing stock in the country, and boilers are frequently kept running long past their sell by date. Mainly held on with every trick in the book to avoid the expense of a new boiler), some landlords simply just cannot afford to fill the tank/pay the gas bill.

Launderess
 

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