Woo-woo. The long cardboard tube arrived today via UPS. Inside were two 44" long magnesium anode rods. They look nice. Unfortunately I'm currently battling a cold that has turned into a nagging cough/laryngitis, so it will be a while before I get around to draining the water heater again, remove the old anode rod (last replaced in 2011), and send a camera probe down there to see what's up inside, and then put in the new rod.
In any case I've noticed that since the draining and flushing, the water heater seems to be working better, and more quietly. Used to be it would be firing up whenever the dishwasher was on. Now it seems not to do that so much, and when it does, it's not quite such an alarming thumping.
I've already tested the camera on a 40 gallon six year GE heater a neighbor gave me when he sold his house (he replaced it with a new one to help with the sale). The anode rod on that one shows very little erosion. When I looked inside, it looked very nice, no rust, not much scale, but some curious chunks of something around the periphery of the domed bottom. I'll probably pull the drain and see if I can coax whatever it is out of there. I'm thinking this water heater would be a good addition to the workshop, where it could finally enable the vintage top loaders and non-heater equipped Frigidaire front loader to have hot water. Or I might just keep it around as an emergency spare for when the 39 year old Monkey Ward tank finally fails.