I suspect
the popularity of central vacuum systems at the turn of the last century's turn has many reasons.
Motors were not yet very compact relative to the work they could perform. Architecture of the Victorian and Edwardian era did not, however incorporate ranch-style, single level rooms fading into each other but lots of nooks, staircases and doo-dads to bump into.
Electrical outlets in the modern sense were not easily retrofitted, running a very heavy vacuum on a limited length of cord AC (regardless of phase and let's not and say we didn't) was by no means universal until after WWII, back then the thought of plugging a gigantic cord into an electric light socket in each and every room must have been daunting.
Hygiene was all the rage, the thought of sucking dirt up and having it disappear, relatively quietly, must have been very appealing. Pipe fitters were far more common than electricians.
A few days ago, we were looking at a central vacuum system in a townhouse. About 10 years old, B/D. It certainly had strong suction even at the furthest outlet from the central vac, and those pipes which were visible in the attic and closets were well laid out with smooth curves. I should think a lot of the problems with these systems have more to do with poor installation than the basic principle.
Those brass plates are beautiful, thanks for posting!