Gratuitous b***er shot.
More for Jason.
1410 Broadway, coincidentally
More for Jason.
1410 Broadway, coincidentally
Will & Grace Final Episode Tomorrow Night
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You have now left the island. Thank you for visiting.
Back in Queens at the entrance to the 59th Street Bridge (officially the Queensboro Bridge.)
The subway train stations above ground are called *Queensboro Plaza* N, W, 7 lines.
The subway train lines below ground are called *Queens Plaza* and include the E, F and some other lines.
-Toodle ooooohh
Thanks for visiting!
Live tours and cheap (free) accomodations upon request.
Back in Queens at the entrance to the 59th Street Bridge (officially the Queensboro Bridge.)
The subway train stations above ground are called *Queensboro Plaza* N, W, 7 lines.
The subway train lines below ground are called *Queens Plaza* and include the E, F and some other lines.
-Toodle ooooohh
Thanks for visiting!
Live tours and cheap (free) accomodations upon request.
Hope this was not too confusing.......
It will all work itself out in the end.
It will all work itself out in the end.
sudsmaster
Well-known member
"Steel is just like a man.
If it loses its temper it loses its worth.
Did you know steel is available in four tempers?
Full-hard
3/4-hard
1/2-hard and
1/4-hard "
Actually, steel can be re-tempered. And iron, which is the base constituent of steel, is a rather magical element. It possesses characteristics that other elements lack - namely its ability to form different crystal structures at different temperatures, combined with its ability to incorporate various alloying elements to change its overall characteristics. The highest temperature reached, along with the rate of cooling, can significantly affect the hardness and strength of the final product. It is probably the most verstile element on earth. And I've always found it fascinating that iron is the highest element that is produced within the fiery thermonuclear furnace of our sun. All the other higher elements must originate from elsewhere in the cosmos.
Another communly used term for tempering is "drawing". Tempering or drawing refers to the reheating and cooling of hardened steel to relieve internal stresses and make it less brittle but still hard enough for various applications. We also use the term "drawing", along with "anneal" and "normalize", along with "carburize" and "quench" to describe the various thermal operations performed on ordinary steel. Most tool steels are full annealed (reduced to their maxium softness) before machining, and then hardened and drawn to the desired level of hardness.
The only way for a tempered steel to lose its temper is for it to be reheated until it colors. If it is reheated to a temperature above its original tempering temperature. Thus, do not blame a steel for losing its temper - blame the person who heated it too high. And in some cases, improper heat treatment of a hardened steel part means the part cannot be recovered, and is scrap.
Low carbon or plain steels cannot be heat hardened and therefore don't need to be tempered to begin with. It takes a certain amount of carbon as an alloying element to enable iron to become steel, and the amount of carbon directly affects how hard the steel can ultimately become. Other alloying elements like nickel, chrome, vanadium, molebdynum, etc., affect various properties of the steel, including hardness, tensile strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, impact resistance, etc.
If it loses its temper it loses its worth.
Did you know steel is available in four tempers?
Full-hard
3/4-hard
1/2-hard and
1/4-hard "
Actually, steel can be re-tempered. And iron, which is the base constituent of steel, is a rather magical element. It possesses characteristics that other elements lack - namely its ability to form different crystal structures at different temperatures, combined with its ability to incorporate various alloying elements to change its overall characteristics. The highest temperature reached, along with the rate of cooling, can significantly affect the hardness and strength of the final product. It is probably the most verstile element on earth. And I've always found it fascinating that iron is the highest element that is produced within the fiery thermonuclear furnace of our sun. All the other higher elements must originate from elsewhere in the cosmos.
Another communly used term for tempering is "drawing". Tempering or drawing refers to the reheating and cooling of hardened steel to relieve internal stresses and make it less brittle but still hard enough for various applications. We also use the term "drawing", along with "anneal" and "normalize", along with "carburize" and "quench" to describe the various thermal operations performed on ordinary steel. Most tool steels are full annealed (reduced to their maxium softness) before machining, and then hardened and drawn to the desired level of hardness.
The only way for a tempered steel to lose its temper is for it to be reheated until it colors. If it is reheated to a temperature above its original tempering temperature. Thus, do not blame a steel for losing its temper - blame the person who heated it too high. And in some cases, improper heat treatment of a hardened steel part means the part cannot be recovered, and is scrap.
Low carbon or plain steels cannot be heat hardened and therefore don't need to be tempered to begin with. It takes a certain amount of carbon as an alloying element to enable iron to become steel, and the amount of carbon directly affects how hard the steel can ultimately become. Other alloying elements like nickel, chrome, vanadium, molebdynum, etc., affect various properties of the steel, including hardness, tensile strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, impact resistance, etc.
neat
Thanks Rich, that was interesting. I sort of take steel for granted, but wow - iron and carbon are pretty amazing stuff.
Thanks Rich, that was interesting. I sort of take steel for granted, but wow - iron and carbon are pretty amazing stuff.
sudsmaster
Well-known member
Thanks Panthera.
I forgot one detail that makes iron so special among elements: under certain manipulations of temperature and time, it can exist in more than one of its crystal forms or "allotropes" in the same solid at the same time. Since the different crystal forms have markedly different physical characteristics, metallurgists exploit this ability to create all manner of different types of steel, through not only adjusting the amounts of carbon and other alloying elements, but by carefully controlling the highest temperature reached and the way in which the material is cooled, reheated, and cooled again.
It gets fairly complex due to the large number of possible combinations of variables and products.
Interesting tidbits - pure iron doesn't corrode. All elements heavier than iron are created via fusion in supernovas. It is further theorized by some that due to slow fusion and fission reactions, the end product of the universe will be iron, as it is considered to be the element with the most stable nucleus.
I forgot one detail that makes iron so special among elements: under certain manipulations of temperature and time, it can exist in more than one of its crystal forms or "allotropes" in the same solid at the same time. Since the different crystal forms have markedly different physical characteristics, metallurgists exploit this ability to create all manner of different types of steel, through not only adjusting the amounts of carbon and other alloying elements, but by carefully controlling the highest temperature reached and the way in which the material is cooled, reheated, and cooled again.
It gets fairly complex due to the large number of possible combinations of variables and products.
Interesting tidbits - pure iron doesn't corrode. All elements heavier than iron are created via fusion in supernovas. It is further theorized by some that due to slow fusion and fission reactions, the end product of the universe will be iron, as it is considered to be the element with the most stable nucleus.
Thank you Steve for the pictures. They bring back great memories!
Louis, who sure wants to come back sometime.
Louis, who sure wants to come back sometime.
