Those Poor Women
Both making the phones and working as operators.
Both were pink collar ghettos, until court action and unions made for better working conditions and pay.
MaBell flat out refused to hire women either from outside or promote from within to the better paying jobs such as linemen and techs, on the grounds those were jobs for men, amoung other things. Giving such a high paying job to woman would deprive a man of a job, and after all he had to put meat on the table for his family. Finally a woman who applied for such a positon (she already worked for the phone company), and was turned down, sued MaBell, won and got the job.
Operators had it TOUGH. Like every other mainly female occupation such as nursing, it was a job with silly rules about conduct (both on and off the job), dress, (like anyone sees a phone operator), bathroom breaks, time off, and so on. Some old gals told me some places were like convents, with supervisors on their a**** all the time. Pay was horrible as well, but there weren't that many jobs for women in those days, so one took what one could get. Once the operators started to union, things got better.
Actually took the NYEX exam to become an operator when just out of high school. Let me tell you it was NOT easy! Out of huge auditorium full of people, only about 20 or so made the cut. Suffice to say the exam is NOT about routing telephone calls and bore little to no relation to being an operator, at least to my mind.