I would like to add to Uni's description a bit.
When you have a 3-phase electric motor, each phase is off the previous one by 120 degrees, so all 3 phases make 360 degrees. Each winding is a bit off the other, so it's as if the electric field is rotating around the stator, which then makes the rotor follow it.
A single phase motor will show something similar, but the field only "rotates" by 180 degrees, which makes it hard to start the whole thing -- one it's already started, it goes just fine.
One of the ways to help it start is, like Uni said, to have a run winding and a start winding. When you put a capacitor and a winding like that in series the field shifts 90 degrees in comparison with the main (run) winding. That makes it simple, because now the rotor sees a rotating field of 90 degrees all around and the current induced in the rotor by the rotation field makes it easy to start. Once it's working, even if you cut the start winding out, the current induced in the rotor is always a few degrees behind, and that is enough to keep it going.
This is a very simplified explanation -- electrical engineers will complain about several details, but it's enough to get the idea. More info in the wikipedia link below.
Cheers,
Ā Ā Ā -- Paulo.