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I've often wondered what happened to those people featured in the ads in the late 60s/early 70s from AT&T about "mold breakers"...male telephone operators, african-american female managers, female pole-climbers. What were they all doing 20 years out...post breakup of the Bell System. I came into wireless 20 years later in 1992...you could see a few vestiges of that, but since I wasn't on the regulated side (that was the big distinction in the 90s through today) I didn't get to see much of the structure.
 
Cingular

Ah yes, our old friend (who eliminated the need for enemies) Jack Splat. 

 

SBC bought a majority share of Cingular early on, much to Bell South's chagrin.  SBC started cracking the whip quick, and I was the sole person supporting Cingular's point-of-sale ordering system that our land-line service reps would access.  That was total chaos and hell on wheels.  Without the strict regulations of land line operations, rates, plans and promotions would change on nearly a daily basis, and Bell South's system just couldn't turn on a dime and there was no way to test any changes except in the live environment.  That meant working a lot of Sundays when the business offices were closed.   A classic case of the tail wagging the dog.

 

For my efforts, when SBC was feeding its entire management team a heaping helping of BS about not being able to afford salary increases, I not only got a raise but also was bestowed an "IDA" or Individual Discretionary Award, and was told to keep it quiet.

 

After SBC siezed AT&T, their final conquest was Bell South, and with that the dog gained full control.  The first casualty was Jack Splat and the Cingular brand.  It's my understanding that AT&T quickly went to work on replacing Bell South's ordering system.  Not a moment too soon, and much to the delight of service reps across the enterprise. 

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@Laundress

That kind of behavior continues to this day.

A friend of mine (female) in another job had another friend, who was a professor at a prestigious university. She wanted tenure. She wouldn't tell the university that she had gotten married and was planning to have a child until after she got tenure.

This was mid 1990s. Obviously now 17 years ago (ouch) but I doubt whether it is any better in Academia.
 
I've seen the videos here and other clips of operators in action but I never understood how this worked? 

 

You pick up the phone that didn't have a dial or touch pad, so you were connected directly to an operator as soon as you pick up your phone?

 

The operator had a dial and so dialed the number for you then.....he/she stuck a plug into a hole?  

How did they know what plug to pick up?   How did they know what hole to stick it in? 

 

Since the operator had a dial  or something why did they not put dials on everyones phone in the first place?  Was this a technology limitaion?

 

 
 
The 608 was the last of the cordboards produced. It was a modular board and used " talk buttons" instead of the toggle type switches to answer and ring. The board also featued automatic ringing instead of the rear toggle type of system in older boards......this was a fun thing to operate.....FUN>

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@jerrod6

It has been years since one operated a swtichboard (our high school hand one in the main administration office and one was taught and worked the thing early AM before classes and when working there as part of assigned labour (extra credit)), however it would take ages to explain.

Link below provides the best explination one can find off the bat, but basically things broke down like this:

In the early incarnations of telephone service all systems used manual switching. You picked up a telehone receiver (or in very early days wound up a dail) which generated an electrical signal to the operator (switching station) and she (later and or he) would "connect" you to whatever number you wished to complete the call.

If the caller and number were in the same exchange the operator just connected the call by using the other jack/cable to the associated "line" (represented by the dedicated/labeled hole on the switchboard. This is also how switchboards worked internally for phone systems with multiple lines such as businesses, hospitals, military bases, hotels, etc...

Should the caller want a number outside of the exchange or later long distance, or overseas it was either switched to another operator that completed the call and or later dialed by the operater herself.

 
Only problem was that Verizon had put zero into any capital

Well, I don't know about Maine, but at last here in MA they've been posting and burying cables for a number of years for FiOS. A few years ago one of their subcontractors allowed me to hire them off the books to pull out and take away a number of shrubs with their equipment once they were done.

Chuck
 
The dialing tools served two purposes that I know of:

 

1) Prevention of sore fingers

 

2) Keeping long fingernails from scratching the painted characters off the dial plate (the model 500 phones eliminated this issue by placing the characters outside of the finger wheel).

 

Operators were issued pencils with this tool on the end instead of an eraser.  After all, accuracy was paramount so ideally there should have never been a need for an eraser.

 

Plastic dialing tools were also given away free as advertising.  They could be parked in one of the holes on the finger wheel, usually at the "1" position.  I came across one recently and tried putting it into service, but found it annoying to use.  My own finger is faster.  Funeral homes were famous for giving out gadgets for use with the phone, and likely generated a decent percentage of their business with them.
 
...one *must* have a dialing tool!

Ralph, unlike the business model in the vid, I was to understand that the 'residential' models like this one came about so that ladies didn't damage their nails while dialing, which is why the handle of the tool for residential use is so flat/pinchable. Unlike a Ma Bell employee, I'm sure those society dames couldn't have given a tinker's dam about the phone company's equipment!

Chuck

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I've often wondered what happened to those people featur

When AT&T was finally broken up many went along into whatever regional telephone systems came about from that and subsequent takeovers/mergers. Here in NY it went from Ma Bell to New York Telephone to NYNEX to Verizon.

Those covered by unions probably and hopefully would have been protected and or moved into whatever new jobs opened up if their's was eliminated. For instance as the switch went to direct dial requiring less phone operators the excess got moved around. Some maybe to customer service (in person and or working in one of the local offices person to person), others perhaps took training to become linemen or some such field work (which is where big money can be found, or at least could be).

Of course some merely lasted and took retirement when it came time and or they decided enough was enough.

Today Verizon stretches from IIRC Maine to Virgina. Dialing "O" or "411" in NYC can get you an operator in Boston. Same for the business office, it is no longer strictly routed to a local place.

Given how many of those workers from the 1960's clip shown were female one assumes quite a few married and left "Ma Bell" and or found other employment. Because it was shift work with a set schedule lots of girls and one assumes guys working their way through college did stints at the telephone company. Like hospitals the place required workers for some operations 24/7 including weekends and holidays, so it wasn't hard to find a schedule that suited.

Also consider until they finally updated, many offices, military bases, answering services (anyone remember those?) hotels, etc... used switchboards. So if one was already trained (which Ma Bell/AT&T did very well) and had experience you could get work there as well.

When one was young actually answered an advert from NYNEX to take the "telephone operator" exam. It was given at the now gone Sixth Avenue building in Manattan. The room must have held several hundred and the exam was given in several groups all day. Out of each group only a handful would be called to "remain" that is passed the initial exam. The rest were told "sorry....". I was in the latter group! *LOL*

To be fair the exam was not like anything one has seen then or since.

You start the test and then an annoucement comes "Stop"!. Go to section "X" now. Just as you're starting that soon enough it happens again, "Stop"! Go to "X" and the whole thing starts again. Then they started having *fun* and threw in something new; "Stop"! "go back to Section "X" (a previous part you had been to before), and .....

I'm sitting there going "What The"?

Had cousins who worked for the phone company and at family dinner later that year a few of them and their co-workers who were invited guests laid out the reason for the maddness.
 
Oh yes, the service rep test was similar, even advising to stop, go back to say, question 27, erase your original entry (for example, "A") and change it to (for example, "C").  I took the test in 1991 and they were still using the AT&T testing system from prior to divestiture in 1984.  Once on the job, the test made sense.  You did a lot of hopping around both within and between several applications during almost all customer contacts.  I learned to love SORD (Service Order Retrieval & Distribution), which to this day has the last word in the service order process.  It's the most user UN-friendly system on earth.  Pull it up and you get a black screen with two widely spaced vertical blue bars, and a cursor blinking at top left.  That's all.  You had to know what to ask it to do before you got any kind of template to work from.  Except for customer information, everything else typed in SORD consisted of USOCs and FIDs (Field Identifiers).  FIDS came in two types:  fixed and floating.  This axiom was shared early on:  You can't float a fixed FID and you can't fix a floating FID.  It was very satisfying to "dogleg" an order in SORD (Shift key + 6) to send it through, and have it actually go without tripping you up for an error.  Sometimes there would be "ghosts" and you'd have to space through blank areas you suspected might contain them.  Archaic beyond belief, but still in use today.  They're going to have to do something about that because they haven't been letting residential  service reps access SORD for several years and they're going to run out of people who have the knowledge to work in that system to correct orders, etc.  My guess is that such work will be batched out to service reps who handle orders for business customers.  They still have to work in SORD for a lot of what they do.

 

Chuck, you are absolutely right about the dialing tool.  Ma Bell issued them for exactly the opposite reason they were distributed for subscriber use.  A lot of people used pencils or whatever was handy, and the paint-on-porcelain dial plate was damaged over time.  Since nobody owned their phones, they could just call and ask for a new dial plate, or more likely they'd be issued a new dial assembly or the whole phone would be replaced.  The characters on these dial plates varied according to the type of service an area had.  Rural areas with small enough exchanges didn't need letters, so all they had were large black numbers on those plates.
 
Another interesting thing

We used to have to go "inward"

What that means is that when someone called and wanted a busy line interrupted ....IF..... that line that they wanted interrupted was NOT a GTE or Verizon line, but say it was another local phone company in another part of the country, we had to go into the computer system they called ORDB, and enter the area code and prefix for the number they needed interrupted and it would give a code. You then put the customer on hold and entered that # and the operator for that area would pick up and you asked the operator if they could interrupt or verify a busy line and give that operator the #. That operator would put you on hold and attempt and then come back with the yes or no or whether or not there was conversation on that line, then you would go back and let the customer know. We also received those calls from other operators that had to come inward to us to do the same thing.
 

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