Historically liquid laundry detergents excelled at oily soils while powders were best for clay sort of dirt.
However, in recent times both formats have upped their game, at least top shelf offerings, so both often are good at what once was the other's manor.
Where liquid laundry detergents once had it over powders was former contained solvents and wetting agents. One could pre-treat certain soils and bung rest of dose into wash. Those of us old enough to remember all powders had then were directions to mix a bit up with water, apply with a small brush, wait, then wash. Even after all that results were mixed.
What it comes down to is something anyone who has attempted to make a salad dressing; oil and water don't mix. One needs something to act as an emulsifier which is where solvents and surfactants come in.
Commercial or industrial laundries long have had access to chemicals sold as "emulsifiers" meant for greasy, oily work. What do such products contain? Non-Ionic and anionic. Soap is an excellent emulsifier for soils and marks caused by fats, grease and oils. However it causes issues when used in hard water, hence rise of surfactants.