Please excuse the logorrhea. Innuendo count: NONE.
I am not aware of many residential US consumers having time-of-day rates with peak (penalty) and off-peak ("gift") rates. Perhaps someone will tell us. This is a great idea to encourage load-shifting. In NYC larger business/industrial consumers pay HUGE penalties for their demand usage- I believe defined as the gretest constant 15 minute draw.
Heat-pumps tend to use much less energy as compared to straight electric resistance heating. In your market however, straight electric used off-peak with heat stored to use during the day (on-peak) may be less expensive overall.
As you stated, my understanding is that much of Europe uses hyronic (hot-water) heating as opposed to air-heating/cooling furnaces.
[Boilers=> heat water to make hot water or steam.
[Furnaces => produce fan-forced warm-air or ancient ones produce gravity hot-air].
IIRC Greece used to use German units that had electric resistance coils/heaters wrapped around clay/ceramic "heat-sinks" ("storage devices"). A computer would decide how much energy to store during off-peak (night and weekend) lowered electrical rates.The heat was then released during the day by simply having a fan push it out. My understanding is that they looked like hotel-style PTAC units. Anyone has a name for this, a name-brand and a link?
Demand response in New York City (NYC):
[note: steam powered {absorption} A/C to get around demand metering. This utlity provides STEAM service.
Link:
Mitisubishi Mr. Slim split systems.
Comrpessor speed up to 50% greater in cold weather to booster heat ouput.
Link:
PTAC UNITS:
Link:
AIR-TO-WATER heat-pumps:
Link:
Hey Bobbins and other people in metric lands, what is a KW in terms of heating cooling capacity?[Hint: Ff you tell me "1,000 watts for an hour, I will have to BEAT you! *LOL* ]Would you be able to tell me how many equavalent BTUs? TYVM
Water-to water heat-pumps
Check out those extremely high EER's *WOWZA*
Link:
Geothermal, Etc.
Link:
Fedders brand water-source heat-pumps (water to air)
Link:
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Hot water heat pumps
Hi Bit boys *WAVES* Use waste heat in a commeicial laundry room, or a commerical kitchen to provide domestic hot water to taps, etc. This is amazing in warmer climates to provde "free" cooling to commercial kitchens that would otherwwise not have any.
Link:
YIASOU
CIAO
See ya later.