European ovens
We actually have - for the most part - 4 seperate heating elements.
The total maximum power is usually either 2300W or 3500W depending on connection and oven.
That has to be seen in correlation to our ovens being no larger than 2.9 cuft.
We have a hidden convection element at usually 2000W.
Then we have a lower heat element that by now is basicly always hidden beneath the closed oven bottom.
That usually is at about 1kW.
The exposed heating element at the top is split into 2 elements each about 1kW with one being a larger loop around the perimiter of the cavity and one covering the more center area.
For our normal bake function - static heat basicly, most commonly called what would roughly translate to "upper/lower heat" - the lower and upper-outer element are on simultanously and cycle in unison.
Idea is that less heat radiation makes it to the food so it not browned to quickly while still giving a "draft-free" high heat cooking enviroment.
For convection, the fan and the convection element are on, nothing else.
The element cycles as need while the fan stays on continously.
Result is no direct heat radiation while improofing heat transfer.
The element there is positioned like shown above.
For broiling, either the inner or both upper elements come on.
For convection broiling, the fan either stays on continously or cycles on and off exactly opposite to the 2 upper elements.
For a pizza function, the convection element and lower element together with the fan are used.
Depending on model they either work together or in a switching pattern.
And then some have a fan-bake the assists the upper/lower heat with a fan.
And often you can just set lower heat only aswell.
For complete coverage:
Most selfclean cycles use primarily the 2 upper elements while cycling the convection fan (though some don't).
Some use the convection element to quickly get to 300C or such while some even incorporate phases of lower heat opperation.
Though the majority of cleaning is done via the intense infrared radiation from the 2 upper elements.
That's why many self clean ovens over here have a black finish.